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In the first approach (the graph that was published), a typical format is presented in which regressions are used to describe patterns in the data (and in so doing minimizing the visual appearance of variance). 1 indicates two very different views of the same data set from Tazawa et al. Lest this be viewed as offering unfair criticism, consider a recent publication in which I was involved. Perhaps in response to our recognition of this variance, in our analysis of data sets, comparative physiologists (indeed, all physiologists) unintentionally divert attention away from the differences by pointing out the similarities, not unlike how a magician diverts the eyes of the audience with a distraction. Sometimes the source of variation can be identified, but sometimes it seems enigmatic and innate – just ‘there’. Since the inception of the field of animal physiology, experimentalists have been aware of significant, and often perplexing, variation within their data sets, either from study-to-study within the same laboratory or in the hands of different investigators in different laboratories performing the same experiment on different animal populations.
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Epigenetic inheritance may best be studied in animal models that can be maintained in the laboratory over multiple generations, to yield parental stock that themselves are free of epigenetic effects from the historical experiences of their parents. Parental effects, sperm storage, multiple paternity and direct gamete exposure can all be confounding factors. Finally, against this context of epigenetic inheritance of phenotype, this essay also provides a number of caveats and warnings regarding the interpretation of transgenerational phenotype modification as a true epigenetic phenomenon.
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The ecological and evolutionary significance of such epigenetic inheritance is discussed in a comparative physiological context. Recent studies have shown epigenetic inheritance of commonly studied traits such as metabolic rate (water fleas Daphnia magna emu, Dromaius novaellandiae), hypoxic tolerance, cardiac performance (zebrafish, Danio rerio), as well as numerous morphological effects. However, our understanding of epigenetic influences on physiological processes is growing rapidly, and it is highly likely that epigenetic phenomena are an additional ‘hidden’ source of variation, particularly in wild-caught specimens. In fact, less than 3% of comparative physiological papers mention epigenetics. Known sources for such variation include diet, gender, time of day and season of experiment, among many other factors, but a meta-analysis of physiological studies shows that surprisingly few studies report controlling for these factors. 100% of donations go to charity - together we've raised over GB£5,600 so far! Donations of £20 or more get access to a shared folder of editable pptx files.Considerable variation is inherent both within and between comparative physiological data sets. Help me support my chosen charities by donating via my Biology4Good page. Key terms: invasive, species, biomagnification, bioaccumulation, UV, ozone, cancer, productivity, primary production, pollution, DDT, TBT, cane toad, biological control In this TED Talk, Shimon Steinberg explains how biological control of crop pests can be achieved – using other bugs!Ĭane Toads: The Conquest hit Australian movie: “ Value in non-native species,” article by Carl Zimmer. “ Fungus loaded with scorpion toxin to fight malaria,” from Ed Yong. “ Defeating dengue by releasing mosquitoes with virus-blocking bacteria” from Ed Yong Here is a good TED talk from Stephen Palumbi on biomagnification in ocean food chains, with the resulting human health impacts:Īnd this article from Science Daily outlines the work of a team of researchers as they demonstrate biomagnification in a simple food chain, with links to vesicles.ĬuriosityOnline, from Discovery, outlines “ 10 ecosystems devastated by invasive species.” Essential Biology G3: Impacts of Humans on Ecosystems